Multithreading solves problems with throughput and responsiveness, but in doing so it introduces new problems: deadlocks and race conditions.

Deadlocks

If Monitor.TryEnter(Me, 300) Then
    Try
        ' Place code protected by the Monitor here.
    Finally
        Monitor.Exit(Me)
    End Try
Else
    ' Code to execute if the attempt times out.
End If

if (Monitor.TryEnter(this, 300)) {
    try {
        // Place code protected by the Monitor here.
    }
    finally {
        Monitor.Exit(this);
    }
}
else {
    // Code to execute if the attempt times out.
}

Race Conditions

Multithreading solves different problems for the single-processor computers that run most end-user software, and the multiprocessor computers typically used as servers.

Single-Processor Computers

Multiprocessor Computers

A class is not initialized until its class constructor (static constructor in C#, Shared Sub New in Visual Basic) has finished running. To prevent the execution of code on a type that is not initialized, the common language runtime blocks all calls from other threads to static members of the class (Shared members in Visual Basic) until the class constructor has finished running.

For example, if a class constructor starts a new thread, and the thread procedure calls a static member of the class, the new thread blocks until the class constructor completes.

This applies to any type that can have a static constructor.

Consider the following guidelines when using multiple threads:

• Don't use Thread..::.Abort to terminate other threads. Calling Abort on another thread is akin to throwing an exception on that thread, without knowing what point that thread has reached in its processing.

• Don't use Thread..::.Suspend and Thread..::.Resume to synchronize the activities of multiple threads. Do use Mutex, ManualResetEvent, AutoResetEvent, and Monitor.

• Don't control the execution of worker threads from your main program (using events, for example). Instead, design your program so that worker threads are responsible for waiting until work is available, executing it, and notifying other parts of your program when finished. If your worker threads do not block, consider using thread pool threads. Monitor..::.PulseAll is useful in situations where worker threads block.

• Don't use types as lock objects. That is, avoid code such as lock(typeof(X)) in C# or SyncLock(GetType(X)) in Visual Basic, or the use of Monitor..::.Enter with Type objects. For a given type, there is only one instance of System..::.Type per application domain. If the type you take a lock on is public, code other than your own can take locks on it, leading to deadlocks. For additional issues, see Reliability Best Practices.

• Use caution when locking on instances, for example lock(this) in C# or SyncLock(Me) in Visual Basic. If other code in your application, external to the type, takes a lock on the object, deadlocks could occur.

• Do ensure that a thread that has entered a monitor always leaves that monitor, even if an exception occurs while the thread is in the monitor. The C# lock statement and the Visual Basic SyncLock statement provide this behavior automatically, employing a finally block to ensure that Monitor..::.Exit is called. If you cannot ensure that Exit will be called, consider changing your design to use Mutex. A mutex is automatically released when the thread that currently owns it terminates.

• Do use multiple threads for tasks that require different resources, and avoid assigning multiple threads to a single resource. For example, any task involving I/O benefits from having its own thread, because that thread will block during I/O operations and thus allow other threads to execute. User input is another resource that benefits from a dedicated thread. On a single-processor computer, a task that involves intensive computation coexists with user input and with tasks that involve I/O, but multiple computation-intensive tasks contend with each other.

• Consider using methods of the Interlocked class for simple state changes, instead of using the lock statement (SyncLock in Visual Basic). The lock statement is a good general-purpose tool, but the Interlocked class provides better performance for updates that must be atomic. Internally, it executes a single lock prefix if there is no contention. In code reviews, watch for code like that shown in the following examples. In the first example, a state variable is incremented:

  Visual Basic

  SyncLock lockObject
      myField += 1
  End SyncLock
  

  C#

  lock(lockObject) 
  {
      myField++;
  }
  

  You can improve performance by using the Increment method instead of the lock statement, as follows:

  Visual Basic

  System.Threading.Interlocked.Increment(myField)
  

  C#

  System.Threading.Interlocked.Increment(myField);
  

  Note:
  In the .NET Framework version 2.0, the Add method provides atomic updates in increments larger than 1.

  In the second example, a reference type variable is updated only if it is a null reference (Nothing in Visual Basic).

  Visual Basic

  If x Is Nothing Then
      SyncLock lockObject
          If x Is Nothing Then
              x = y
          End If
      End SyncLock
  End If
  

  C#

  if (x == null)
  {
      lock (lockObject)
      {
          if (x == null)
          {
              x = y;
          }
      }
  }
  

  Performance can be improved by using the CompareExchange method instead, as follows:

  Visual Basic

  System.Threading.Interlocked.CompareExchange(x, y, Nothing)
  

  C#

  System.Threading.Interlocked.CompareExchange(ref x, y, null);
  

  Note:
  In the .NET Framework version 2.0, the CompareExchange method has a generic overload that can be used for type-safe replacement of any reference type.

Consider the following guidelines when designing class libraries for multithreading:

• Avoid the need for synchronization, if possible. This is especially true for heavily used code. For example, an algorithm might be adjusted to tolerate a race condition rather than eliminate it. Unnecessary synchronization decreases performance and creates the possibility of deadlocks and race conditions.

• Make static data (Shared in Visual Basic) thread safe by default.

• Do not make instance data thread safe by default. Adding locks to create thread-safe code decreases performance, increases lock contention, and creates the possibility for deadlocks to occur. In common application models, only one thread at a time executes user code, which minimizes the need for thread safety. For this reason, the .NET Framework class libraries are not thread safe by default.

• Avoid providing static methods that alter static state. In common server scenarios, static state is shared across requests, which means multiple threads can execute that code at the same time. This opens up the possibility of threading bugs. Consider using a design pattern that encapsulates data into instances that are not shared across requests. Furthermore, if static data are synchronized, calls between static methods that alter state can result in deadlocks or redundant synchronization, adversely affecting performance.

Concepts

Other Resources